What is Nmap?

What is Nmap?

Nmap is short for Network Mapper. It is an open-source Linux command-line tool that is used to scan IP addresses and ports in a network and to detect installed applications.

Nmap allows network admins to find which devices are running on their network, discover open ports and services, and detect vulnerabilities.

Nmap as a tool to help map an entire network easily and to find its open ports and services.

Nmap has become hugely popular, being featured in movies like The Matrix and the popular series Mr. Robot.

Why use Nmap?

There are a number of reasons why security pros prefer Nmap over other scanning tools.

First, Nmap helps you to quickly map out a network without sophisticated commands or configurations. It also supports simple commands (for example, to check if a host is up) and complex scripting through the Nmap scripting engine.

Other features of Nmap include:

• Ability to quickly recognize all the devices including servers, routers, switches, mobile devices, etc on single or multiple networks.
• Helps identify services running on a system including web servers, DNS servers, and other common applications. Nmap can also detect application versions with reasonable accuracy to help detect existing vulnerabilities.
• Nmap can find information about the operating system running on devices. It can provide detailed information like OS versions, making it easier to plan additional approaches during penetration testing.
• During security auditing and vulnerability scanning, you can use Nmap to attack systems using existing scripts from the Nmap Scripting Engine.
• Nmap has a graphical user interface called Zenmap. It helps you develop visual mappings of a network for better usability and reporting.

Biggest cyber attacks in history

Cyber attacks are on the rise. Whilst modern technology presents many conveniences and benefits, there are people who misuse it which poses a threat to businesses and data privacy globally.

When data breaches happen, it can have a far-reaching impact. It goes beyond the target company, affecting customers, suppliers and more. Scarily, experts expect the cost of cybercrime to reach around $10.5 trillion by 2025.

1. The Melissa Virus

One of the earliest and biggest cyber threats came from the Melissa Virus in 1999 by programmer David Lee Smith. He sent users a file to open via Microsoft Word, which held a virus. Once opened the virus activated causing severe damage to hundreds of companies, including Microsoft. It is estimated it cost $80 million to repair the affected systems.

2. NASA Cyber Attack

In 1999, 15-year-old James Jonathan hacked and shutdown NASA’s computers for 21 days! There were around 1.7 million software downloads during the attack, which cost the space giant around $41,000 in repairs.

3. The 2007 Estonia Cyber Attack

In April 2007, Estonia witnessed what is thought to be the first cyber attack on an entire county. Chiefly, it saw around 58 Estonian websites go offline, including government, bank and media websites.

4. A Cyber Attack on Sony’s PlayStation Network

A cyber attack on Sony’s PlayStation Network in April 2011 compromised the personal information of 77 million users.

5. Adobe Cyber Attack

The Adobe cyber attack was first thought to have breached the data of 2.9 million users. Moreover, it compromised the personal data of up to 38 million users! Adobe claims that only the passwords and credit card information of the first 2.9 million users were compromised, however, the remaining 35.1 million suffered the loss of their passwords and user IDs.

6. The 2014 Cyber Attack on Yahoo

In 2014, Yahoo was subject to one of the biggest cyber attacks of the year when 500 million accounts were compromised. During the attack, basic information and passwords were stolen, whereas bank information was not.

7. Ukraine’s Power Grid Attack

The Ukraine’s power grid attack in 2015 was the first cyberattack on a power grid. As a result of the attack, around half of the homes in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of the Ukraine were without power for a few hours.

8. 2017 WannaCry Ransomware Cyber Attack

One of the biggest ransomware attacks of all time took place in 2017. Furthermore, it affected around 200,000 computers in over 150 countries. To sum up, the ransomware had a huge impact on several industries with a global cost of around 6 billion pounds to fix!

9. A Cyber Attack on Marriott Hotels 

A cyber attack on the Marriott hotels and Starwood hotels group went undetected for years, which only came to light in 2018.  Thus, by the time they became aware of the attack, an estimated 339 million guests had their data compromised. Consequently, the UK’s data privacy watchdog fined the Marriott Hotels 18.4 million pounds.

10. The biggest password leak yet

In June 2021, we saw a compilation of about 8.4 billion passwords leaked in the RockYou2021 attack. In fact, it was the largest breach since the RockYou site in 2009 which affected 32 million accounts.

While technology and data security tools continue to evolve, so do the tactics that cyber criminals use to trick business and employees into clicking on links and documents within emails. 

Top 10 Android Hacking Tools

10 Best Game-Hacking Apps For Android in 2023

1. AndroRAT

AndroRAT is a Windows-based tool for users who want simple and efficient software to control Android devices remotely. One can activate the software and connect their tablet or smartphone to the system the app is downloaded on. Then, the software allows users to add a port number or IP address to connect to the secondary device remotely.

The programs run on Java, which the developers used to upgrade the software from the previous version. The newer version comes with rich features like GPS location monitoring, contact information checking, access to a list of all sent/received messages, call logs checking, taking camera photos, and more.

2. HackerBot

This game-hacking software helps offer software patches for gaming software, operating as an Android-based Cheat Engine. This is because of the wide range of information available on this app for gameplay-related details, like tips, cheats, and tricks across different platforms.

These tutorial tips work on allowing game access to users with easy usability guaranteed, regardless of where it is played, like Windows, PlayStation, or Xbox. You can access the APK installer, search for modeled APKs and legal tricks, find cheats via captcha, fake data, etc. This app offers a cheat sheet guide for diverse games, like PUBG, Garena Free Fire, etc.

3. cSploit

Another outstanding choice in this list of the best game-hacking apps for Android is cSploit. While it is not a traditional type of application, this Android network analysis/penetration suite aims towards the improved productivity of IT security professionals.

These experts get this toolkit of resources for diverse types of network security assessment runs via Android smartphones. After users activate the program, it becomes easy to map their network, search the system for vulnerabilities, and handle real-time web traffic manipulation, among others.

4. Xmodgames

This is a capable game-hacking app that users can use to find and then add mods to Android-based games like Subway Surfers, Clash of Clans, Minecraft, Clash Royal, etc. This software allows users to access and utilize the built-in screen recording functionality for gameplay recording. Furthermore, users can also capture screen grabs and share them directly via Xmod discussion threads.

Streamers can utilize the app to access data about games and use its functions. However, it is essential to mention that the app is accessible only on some established devices and is essentially an amusement collaboration-centric portable app.

5. DroidSheep

DroidSheep is an Android-centric hacking app that handles quick and intensive WiFi traffic auditing processes. It can efficiently evaluate the available data to properly study and capture crucial data from online services, like passwords or game access protocols.

The app helps read all available data packets users receive or send across one connected WiFi network on their device. The app adopts an ethical hacking functionality and does not allow the unauthorized acquisition of other users’ details or passwords.

6. Lucky Patcher

Another notable Android-based game-hacking app that is worth mentioning is Lucky Parcher. This application allows users to access and modify the specifications of installed games and apps. While operating the software, users can access apps surpassing the license limitations in place, including new features, removing ads, etc.

The ability to remotely activate premium-level features and upgrade gameplay benefits by changing app permissions makes this app highly valuable to Android users. Again, this APK software follows ethical rules for its practices, assuring usage safety for all.

7. Game Killer

This Android app for game hacking is a full-scale guide to game cheat sheets for different game types. Users operating this APK on their Android devices can access a comprehensive list of cheat codes and gameplay command information for varying games with high difficulty levels.

Gamers can activate this app’s functionality and access the app they installed offline. Following that, it is helpful to use the unlimited number of commands and values that will come up for cracking all game sequence parts. However, you need to root the Android device beforehand and use this app only with offline games.

8. GameGuardian

Android users can operate the GameGuardian app to access different games on their smartphone or tablet and operate it smoothly. After installing the APK installer, one has to access the app and allow it to work in the background while playing the game on an Android smartphone. Using this app, games can trick the internal time counting mechanism of the app by mocking the waiting time passage period. This way, the software counts the new set time as the overall time spent, adjusting the player’s level accordingly.

For example, this is useful for games like Criminal Case, where users must wait for evidence analysis to complete. You can pass the time and acquire objects faster by activating this app.

9. Cheat Engine

Cheat Engine is constantly maintaining popularity as one of the top apps to hack Android games a few times. This app has come up with regular modifications, making it capable enough to manipulate many popular applications and games. It effectively works on debugging problems people experience with those games and modifying the problematic settings of the single-player games. With Cheat Engine, a gamer can change the difficulty setup of different single-player games. 

Cheat Engine can be used for debugs, speed hacks, direct 3D manipulation, disassembler, assembler, system inspection, and so on. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the new users will find the in-build tutorial to understand how it works.

10. Leo Playcard

Leo Playcard is one of the best hacking apps for Android you can find on the internet. You do not have to pay a single penny to download this powerful app. Furthermore, a great feature of Leo PlayCard is that it allows its users to download paid android gamers free of cost easily. Besides this, an individual can use or integrate the app to manipulate famous games such as Temple Run. It also helps its users increase the number of their gems, lives, or cards in the game.

With Leo Playcard, users can hack into the stable functioning or different games, like Temple Run. After that, one can easily manipulate the software to give them more rewards than standard gameplay. For example, you can get more episode passes for offline RPG games and lives/gems/game coins (Temple Run).

What is Kali Linux?

What is Kali Linux?

Kali Linux (formerly known as Back Track linux) is an Open Source, Debian Based Linux distribution aimed at advanced Penetration Testing and Security Auditing. It  provid common tools, configurations, and automations which allows the user to focus on the task that needs to be completed, not the surrounding activity.

Kali Linux contains industry specific modifications as well as several hundred tools targeted towards various Information Security tasks, such as Penetration Testing, Security Research, Computer Forensics, Reverse Engineering, Vulnerability Management and Red Team Testing.

Kali Linux is a multi-platform solution, accessible and freely available to information security professionals and hobbyists.

Kali Linux features 

• More than 600 penetration testing tools included: After reviewing every tool that was included in BackTrack, we eliminated a great number of tools that either simply did not work or which duplicated other tools that provided the same or similar functionality. Details on what’s included are on the Kali tools site.
• Free (as in beer) and always will be: Kali Linux, like BackTrack, is completely free of charge and always will be. You will never, ever have to pay for Kali Linux.
• Open source Git tree: We are committed to the open source development model and our development tree is available for all to see. All of the source code which goes into Kali Linux is available for anyone who wants to tweak or rebuild package to suit their specific needs.
• FHS compliant: Kali adheres to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard allowing Linux users to easily locate binaries, support files, libraries, etc.
• Wide-ranging wireless device support: A regular sticking point with Linux distributions has been support for wireless interfaces. We have built Kali Linux to support as many wireless devices as we possibly can, allowing it to run properly on a wide variety of hardware and making it compatible with numerous USB and other wireless devices.
• Custom kernel, patched for injection: As penetration testers, the development team often needs to do wireless assessments, so our kernel has the latest injection patches included.
• Developed in a secure environment: The kali Linux team is made up of a small group of individuals who are the only ones trusted to commit packages and interact with the repositories, all of which is done using multiple secure protocols.
• GPG signed packages and repositories: Every package in Kali Linux is signed by each individual developer who built and committed it, and the repositories subsequently sign the packages as well.
• Multi-language support: Although penetration tools tend to be written in English, we have ensured that Kali includes true multilingual support, allowing more users to operate in their native language and locate the tools they need for the job.
• Completely customizable: We thoroughly understand that not everyone will agree with our design decisions, so we have made it as easy as possible for our more adventurous users to customize Kali Linux to their liking, all the way down to the kernel.

Kali Linux is specifically tailored to the needs of penetration testing professionals, and therefore all documentation on this site assumes prior knowledge of, and familiarity with, the Linux operating system in general. .

What is MITM attack

Man in the middle (MITM) attack

What is MITM attack

A man in the middle (MITM) attack is a general term for when a perpetrator positions himself in a conversation between a user and an application—either to eavesdrop or to impersonate one of the parties, making it appear as if a normal exchange of information is underway.

The goal of an attack is to steal personal information, such as login credentials, account details and credit card numbers. Targets are typically the users of financial applications, SaaS businesses, e-commerce sites and other websites where logging in is required.

Information obtained during an attack could be used for many purposes, including identity theft, unapproved fund transfers or an illicit password change.

Additionally, it can be used to gain a foothold inside a secured perimeter during the infiltration stage of an Advance persistent threat  (APT) assault.

Broadly speaking, a MITM attack is the equivalent of a mailman opening your bank statement, writing down your account details and then resealing the envelope and delivering it to your door.

Man in the middle attack example

MITM attack progression

Successful MITM execution has two distinct phases: interception and decryption.

Interception

The first step intercepts user traffic through the attacker’s network before it reaches its intended destination.

The most common (and simplest) way of doing this is a passive attack in which an attcker makes free, Typically named in a way that corresponds to their location, they aren’t password protected. Once a victim connects to such a hotspot, the attacker gains full visibility to any online data exchange.

Attackers wishing to take a more active approach to interception may launch one of the following attacks:

• IP spoofing involves an attacker disguising himself as an application by altering packet headers in an IP address. As a result, users attempting to access a URL connected to the application are sent to the attacker’s website.
• ARP spoofing is the process of linking an attacker’s MAC address with the IP address of a legitimate user on a local area network using fake ARP messages. As a result, data sent by the user to the host IP address is instead transmitted to the attacker.
• DNS spoofing, also known as DNS cache poisoning, involves infiltrating a DNS server and altering a website’s address record. As a result, users attempting to access the site are sent by the altered DNS record to the attacker’s site.

Decryption

After interception, any two-way SSL traffic needs to be decrypted without alerting the user or application. A number of methods exist to achieve this:

• HTTPS spoofing sends a phony certificate to the victim’s browser once the initial connection request to a secure site is made. It holds a digital thumbprint associated with the compromised application, which the browser verifies according to an existing list of trusted sites. The attacker is then able to access any data entered by the victim before it’s passed to the application.
• SSL BEAST (browser exploit against SSL/TLS) targets a TLS version 1.0 vulnerability in SSL. Here, the victim’s computer is infected with malicious JavaScript that intercepts encrypted cookies sent by a web application. Then the app’s cipher block chaining (CBC) is compromised so as to decrypt its cookies and authentication tokens.
• SSL hijacking occurs when an attacker passes forged authentication keys to both the user and application during a TCP handshake. This sets up what appears to be a secure connection when, in fact, the man in the middle controls the entire session.
• SSL stripping downgrades a HTTPS connection to HTTP by intercepting the TLS authentication sent from the application to the user. The attacker sends an unencrypted version of the application’s site to the user while maintaining the secured session with the application. Meanwhile, the user’s entire session is visible to the attacker.

Man in the middle attack prevention

Blocking MITM attacks requires several practical steps on the part of users, as well as a combination of encryption and verification methods for applications.

For users, this means:

• Avoiding WiFi connections that aren’t password protected.
• Paying attention to browser notifications reporting a website as being unsecured.
• Immediately logging out of a secure application when it’s not in use.
• Not using public networks (e.g., coffee shops, hotels) when conducting sensitive transactions.

For website operators, secure communications protocol including TLS and HTTPS, help mitigate spoofing attacks by robustly encrypting and authenticating transmitted data. Doing so prevents the interception of site traffic and blocks the decryption of sensitive data such as authentication token 

It is considered best practice for application to use SSL/TLS to secure every page of their site and not just the pages that require users to log in. Doing so helps decreases the chance of an attacker stealing session cookies from a user browsing on an unsecured section of a website while logged in.’

Who Is Kevin Mitnick?

Who is Kevin Mitnick?

Kevin Mitnick (born August 6, 1963) is an American computer security consultant, author, and hacker. In the mid nineties, he was “The World’s Most Wanted Hacker”. Since 2000, he has been a successful security consultant, public speaker and author.

Kevin does security consulting for Fortune 500 companies, performs penetration testing services for the world’s largest companies and teaches Social Engineering classes to dozens of companies and government agencies. 

In 2000, Miramax made a movie made about Kevin’s life, which was based on the book Takedown by John Markoff and Tsutomu Shimomura. The DVD was released in September 2004. An independent documentary was made that corrected many errors in the Miramax movie.

Kevin Mitnick wrote three computer security books with William L. Simon:

• The Art of Intrusion: The Real Stories Behind the Exploits of Hackers, Intruders & Deceivers
• The Art of Deception
• The Art of Invisibility

2017 TV WORLDWIDE: I AM REBEL - PHREAKS AND GEEKS

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL'S BIOGRAPHY ON KEVIN

 

Rebels, Radicals, Mavericks, Change Makers. I Am Rebel is a documentary series about outsiders finding their voices in the underworld of vice and proving that change only happens when you break the rules. Doug Liman, director of “The Bourne Identity” produced this live action re-enactment of highlights of Kevin’s story of a maverick hacker to a highly-respected computer security expert. 

 

National Geographic chose Kevin Mitnick to be the subject of the season finale, Phreaks and Geeks, in part because of his global appeal and fan base. It premiered in the USA in the summer of 2016 and was then released in the fall in 172 countries and 25 languages worldwide. It is available on iTunes.

 

In 2012 a book came out called The Path of Least Resistance, that Kevin wrote with Brad Sagarin. Here is a PDF with Chapter Three about Social engineering 

Kevin is now "The World's Most Famous Hacker" and has been the subject of countless news and magazine articles published throughout the world. He has made guest appearances on numerous television and radio programs, offering expert commentary on issues related to information security. In addition to appearing on local network news programs, he has made appearances on 60 Minutes, The Learning Channel, Tech TV’s Screen Savers, Court TV, Good Morning America, CNN’s Burden of Proof, Street Sweep, and Talkback Live, National Public Radio, and as a guest star on ABC’s spy drama “Alias”.

Mitnick has served as a keynote speaker at numerous industry events, hosted a weekly talk radio show on KFI AM 640 in Los Angeles, testified before the United States Senate, written for Harvard Business Review and spoken for Harvard Law School. 

Kevin Mitnick (who is KnowBe4’s Chief Hacking Officer) and KnowBe4’s CEO Stu Sjouwerman worked for 8 months to distill Kevin’s 30+ years first-hand hacking experience into online training modules for employees in an office environment.

This is the highly successful which ensures that employees are properly trained to deal with frequent hacking attacks and can spot social engineering red flags.

Based on Kevin Mitnick’s 30+ year unique first-hand hacking experience, you now can train employees to better manage the urgent IT security problems of social engineering, spear phishing and ransomware attacks.

Based on Kevin's experience, KnowBe4 enables your employees to make smarter security decisions, every day.  

What Is Bug In Computer?

A short definition of Computer Bug

In computing, a bug is an error in the source code that causes a program to produce unexpected results or crash altogether. Computer bugs can affect an application’s performance, so developers need to make sure they are corrected before the software gets sold to customers.

Back when mainframe computers were still state-of-the-art, some programmers kept getting wrong results from their programs. When they checked under the hood, they discovered that a moth got into the circuitry, causing errors in computations. That’s why programming errors are called “bugs.”

Read More about a “Computer Bug”

Bugs can be problematic both in the real world and in computing. Learning more about how to remove or correct them is critical for developers. To know more about computer bugs and how they first came to be, read on.

What Was the First Computer Bug?

The first computer bug was reported on 9 September 1947. It was not a software bug that most of us are familiar with today. The first computer bug was an actual moth that got stuck between the relays of the Harvard Mark II computer, which caused it to malfunction.

At that time, most computer rooms provided warmth for bugs, such as flies and moths. And when the creatures nestled on the computer’s internal components, they shortened circuits that caused the machines to malfunction.

Who Found the First Computer Bug?

Grace Murray Hopper was the one who recorded the first computer bug attributed to a moth, which caused technical issues with the Harvard Mark II computer. The Mark II was one of the earliest computers and performed faster than its predecessor, the Mark I.

While that was not the first time the term “computer bug” was used, Hopper’s discovery was the first actual instance of a bug in a computer. When Hopper’s colleagues at Harvard went on to open several computer hardware to pinpoint the real cause of errors, they found a moth trapped in the computer’s relay. The team had to remove the bug from the device literally. When the group “debugged” the machine, Hopper posted the occurrence in her diary. From then on, the term “computer bug” caught on and remains in use until now.

More than seven decades later, you won’t find actual moths inside a computer. But computer or software bugs still abound.

What Are the Types of Computer Bugs?

Computer bugs, like real-life bugs, come in many forms. Some of the most common are:

• Syntax bugs: These refer to occurrences where a user incorrectly places characters within a command, thus preventing proper command execution.

• Runtime bugs: These cause errors while the program is running. It can be a logic error where the program produces incorrect output. Runtime error can result when a program tries to call a nonexistent function.

• Logic bugs: These cause errors in script functions. An example would be when a command results in a different function, arriving at the wrong output.

• Arithmetic bugs: These occur due to an integer overflow or underflow and cause an arithmetic operation to result in a numeric value beyond the given range.

• Interfacing bugs: These can happen when an incompatible application programming interface (API) protocol implementation, hardware handling, or any system is connected to a computer.

Other types of computer bugs are team-working, programming, and performance bugs and access violations. Some unusual computer bugs are named after their discoverers, such as Heisenbugs, Bohr bugs, Schroedinbugs, and Mandelbugs.

How Do You Get Rid of Computer Bugs?

While you don’t have to remove real bugs inside your computer hardware today, you may still need to remove a software bug or two to prevent problems and issues. Ridding your computer of the bugs can be done by updating antivirus and antimalware programs.

However, some computer bugs are harder to remove than others. Thankfully, applications such as the Microsoft Malicious Removal Tool (MRT) can get the job done.

How Do You Avoid Software Bugs

There’s no such thing as bug-free software, and as you can imagine, developing a program is not a piece of cake. No matter how tech-savvy a programmer is, a bug can still find a way into his code. A seemingly innocent typo, for instance, can render a software unreliable, or worse, unusable. Runtime errors are just one of the worst effects of an unpatched bug. It’s, therefore, critical to detect and fix bugs before end-users use any software.

Software companies and developers have several tactics to avoid software bugs. For one, programmers are encouraged to test their code as often as possible so they can capture vulnerabilities and fix these immediately. Below are two solutions that manufacturers commonly employ to deal with computer bugs.

What is Tor Browser?

What is the Tor browser?

The Tor (the onion routing) browser is a web browser designed for anonymous web surfing and protection against traffic analysis. Although Tor is often associated with the darknet and criminal activity, law enforcement officials, reporters, activists,  whistleblowers and ordinary security-conscious individuals often use the browser for legitimate reasons.

The United States Navy originally designed the browser to protect sensitive U.S. government communications. While Tor continues to be used by the government, it is now an open source, multi-platform browser that is available to the public. Today, human rights activists and dissidents who need to keep their internet activities private from oppressive governments, law enforcement, intelligence agencies and criminals use Tor, for example.

Law enforcement agencies are able to use various techniques and tools to track down the users of Tor, especially if the sites they visit are not using end-to-end encryption . The browser uses exit relays and encrypted  to hide user traffic within a network but leaves the endpoint more easily observable and has no effect beyond the boundaries of the network.

How Tor works

The Tor browser works by using a technology known as onion routing. The onion router is a peer-to-peer  overlay network that enables users to browse the internet anonymously. Onion routing uses multiple layers of encryption to conceal both the source and destination of information sent over the network. It is designed so no one can monitor or censor online communication.

Once a user installs Tor, the browser uses Tor servers to send data to an exit node, which is the point at which data leaves the network. Once this data has been sent, it is encrypted multiple times before being sent to the next node. Repeating this process makes it difficult to trace the data back to the original source. In addition to encryption, the Tor browser does not track browsing history or store cookies

Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys

Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys

To be a pro in navigating and executing commands in computer software, one must have knowledge of Computer Shortcut keys. Learning the computer shortcut keys would help you to make your work easier and faster. No doubt, these days more than 90% population is a user on the computer system and to be a frequent user do learn the below complete Computer Keyboard Shortcut keys List. Computer Shortcut keys help the user to perform functions in a fast way while using any computer application. In this article, we are providing the all basic computer keyboard shortcut keys and shortcut keys used in Microsoft Windows, MS Office programs like MS Office, MS Word, MS Excel and PowerPoint that everyone should know. If you are regularly working on computer software or want to learn the basic keyboard shortcut keys, then the information is a must to read. 

Shortcut Keys of Computer A to Z (Basic)

When a user works on the computer system, selecting text, copying, pasting, and deleting are the basic and frequently done tasks. Instead of using your cursor, you must be practicing Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys. All the basic computer shortcut keys to be used on daily basis are mentioned in the table below. Check out the table given below to know the all basic computer keyboard shortcut keys from A to Z.

Basic Computer Keyboard  Shortcut Keys A to Z
Shortcuts	Uses of Shortcut keys
Alt + F	File menu options in the current program
Alt + E	Edits options in the current program
F1	Universal help (for any sort of program)
Ctrl + A	Selects all text
Ctrl + X	Cuts the selected item
Ctrl + Del	Cut selected item
Ctrl + C	Copy the selected item
Ctrl + Ins	Copy the selected item
Ctrl + V	Paste the selected item
Shift + Ins	Paste the selected item
Home	Takes the user to the start of the current line
Ctrl + Home	Go to the beginning of the document
End	Go to the end of the current line
Ctrl + End	Go to the end of a document
Shift + Home	Highlight from the prevailing position to the start of the line
Shift + End	Highlight from the prevailing position to end of the line
Ctrl + (Left arrow)	Move one term to the left at a time
Ctrl + (Right arrow)	Move one term to the right at a time

Computer Shortcut Keys for Microsoft Windows

Computer shortcuts are keys or combinations of keys that assist you in an alternative way to do something that you typically do with a mouse or cursor. All the computer shortcut keys for Microsoft Windows are given below. Let's have a look at the computer keyboard shortcut keys for Microsoft Windows from the below table.

Shortcut Keys	Uses of Shortcut keys
Ctrl + Plus Key	Adjust the widths of all columns automatically, in Windows Explorer
Alt + Enter	Open the properties window for the selected icon or program
Alt + Print Screen	Take a screenshot of the current page.
Ctrl + Alt + Del	Reboot/Windows task manager
Ctrl + Esc	These keys allow you to activate the start menu
F4	Its purpose in Windows 95 to XP is to open the locate window
F5	Refresh the contents of your windows system
F3	Find anything from your system’s desktop
Alt + Esc	Switch between desktop applications on the taskbar
F2	Rename the selected icon
Alt + Shift + Tab	It allows you to switch back between ongoing applications
Alt + Tab	Switch between open applications/ programs.
Shift + Delete	When you press the Shift and Delete keys together, your program or files will be deleted permanently.
Alt + F4	It is used to close the ongoing program
Ctrl + F4	It’s used to swiftly close a document or a file that’s currently open.

Computer Shortcut Keys for MS Excel

Preparing a lengthy sheet in MS Excel and then revising the data or editing any single piece of information in the complete sheet would be time-consuming if you are not aware of the shortcut keys for MS Excel. All Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys for MS Office programs have been discussed below. Check out the table given below to know the shortcut keys used in MS Excel.

Shortcut keys	Uses of shortcut keys
Alt + Shift + F1	When you wanna insert new worksheet use these keys together
Shift + F3	With the help of these keys, you can open the MS-Excel formula window
Shift + F5	When you press these keys together it will open the search box
F11	The F11 key is used to create a chart in MS-Excel
Ctrl + Shift +;	With the help of these keys, you can enter the current time
Ctrl +;	Use these keys together to enter the current date
Ctrl + K	When you want to Insert a link, you can use these keys together
Ctrl + F	These keys are used to open find and replace options in MS-Excel
Ctrl + G	Use these keys together to open go-to options
Ctrl + B	When you press these keys together it will bold highlighted selection.
F2	When you want to edit the selected cell using this key
F5	With the help of this key, you can go to a specific cell
F7	With the help of this key, you can check the spell of selected text
Ctrl + I	These commands are used to Italicize highlighted selection.
Ctrl + Space	Use these keys together to select the entire column
Shift + Space	Use these keys together to select the entire row
Ctrl + W	Use these keys together to close the document
Ctrl + H	Use these keys to open find and replace options
Ctrl + U	With help of these keys, you can underline highlighted text.
Ctrl + Y	With help of these keys, you can underline highlighted text.
Ctrl + Z	With the help of these keys, you can undo the last deleted action
Ctrl + F9	Use these keys to minimize a current window in MS-Excel
Ctrl + F10	Use these keys to maximize the currently selected window in MS-Excel
Ctrl + Tab	With the help of these keys, you can move between two or more open MS-Excel files
Alt + =	With the help of these keys, you can initiate the formula to add all of the above cells
Ctrl +	With the use of these keys together you can insert the value in the current cell from the above cell.
Ctrl + (Right arrow)	With the help of these keys, you can jump on to the next section of text
Ctrl + O	Use these keys to open options in MS-Excel
Ctrl + N	Use these keys together to open the document in MS-Excel
Ctrl + P	Use these keys together to open the print dialogue box in MS-Excel

Computer Shortcut Keys for MS Word

Though MS Word is the basic computer software and seems to be the easiest one to work on it. However, there is a complete list of Computer Shortcut Keys that makes typing on MS Word easier and enjoyable. All Computer Shortcut Keys related to MS Word are given below. Check out the table given below to know the shortcut keys used in MS Word.

Shortcuts	Uses of Shortcut keys
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + C	Copy selected text
Ctrl + X	Cut selected text
Ctrl + N	Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O	Open options
Ctrl + P	Open the print window
Ctrl + F	Open find box
Ctrl + I	Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K	Insert link
Ctrl + U	Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V	Paste
Ctrl + G	Find and replace options
Ctrl + H	Find and replace options
Ctrl + J	Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L	Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q	Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E	Align selected text or line to the centre
Ctrl + R	Align selected text or line to the right
Ctrl + M	Indent the paragraph
Ctrl + T	Hanging indent
Ctrl + D	Font options
Ctrl + Shift + F	Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + >	Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + ]	Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + [	Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + Shift + *	View or hide non printing characters
Ctrl + (Left arrow)	Move one word to the left
Ctrl + (Right arrow)	Move one word to the right
Ctrl + (Up arrow)	Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph
Ctrl + (Down arrow)	Move to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl + Del	Delete the word to the right of the cursor
Ctrl + Backspace	Delete the word to the left of the cursor
Ctrl + End	Move the cursor to the end of the document
Ctrl + Home	Move the cursor to the beginning of the document
Ctrl + Space	Reset highlighted text to the default font
Ctrl + 1	Single-space lines
Ctrl + 2	Double-space lines
Ctrl + 5	1.5-line spacing
Ctrl + Alt + 1	Change text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2	Change text to heading 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3	Change text to heading 3
Shift + F3	Change case of selected text
Shift + Insert	Paste
F4	Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F7	Spell check selected text and/or document
Shift + F7	Activate the thesaurus
F12	Save as
Ctrl + S	Save
Shift + F12	Save
Alt + Shift + D	Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T	Insert the current time
Ctrl + W	Close document
Ctrl+=	Set chosen text as a subscript.
Ctrl+Shift+=	Set chosen text as superscript.

Computer Shortcut Keys for PowerPoint

Beginning to work on Microsoft Powerpoint and wants to learn the shortcut keys to navigate and perform commands quickly, then have a look at the computer keyboard shortcut keys used in the PowerPoint program. All Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys for PowerPoint programs are given below.

Shortcuts Keys	Uses of Shortcut Keys
Ctrl+Shift+<	Reduce the font size of the selected text by one size.
CTRL + G	Group things together
Ctrl+M	Create a new slide just after your chosen slide.
CTRL + D	Create a duplicate of your current slide.
Esc	Exit the ongoing slide show and it will redirect you to the earlier live view.
Ctrl+K	When you want to enter a hyperlink use these keys together.
Ctrl+Shift+>	These commands are used to maximize the font size of the selected text by one size.
F5	With the help of F5, you can start the presentation from the initial slide.
Ctrl+N	These commands are used in a different Powerpoint software window, create a new, blank slide

HTML & CSS

HTML (the Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are two of the core technologies for building Web pages. HTML provides the structure of the page, CSS the (visual and aural) layout, for a variety of devices. Along with graphics and scripting, HTML and CSS are the basis of building Web pages and Web Applications. Learn more below about: What is HTML? HTML is the language for describing the structure of Web pages. HTML gives authors the means to: Publish online documents with headings, text, tables, lists, photos, etc. Retrieve online information via hypertext links, at the click of a button. Design forms for conducting transactions with remote services, for use in searching for information, making reservations, ordering products, etc. Include spread-sheets, video clips, sound clips, and other applications directly in their documents. With HTML, authors describe the structure of pages using markup. The elements of the language label pieces of content such as “paragraph,” “list,” “table,” and so on. What is XHTML? XHTML is a variant of HTML that uses the syntax of XML, the Extensible Markup Language. XHTML has all the same elements (for paragraphs, etc.) as the HTML variant, but the syntax is slightly different. Because XHTML is an XML application, you can use other XML tools with it (such as XSLT, a language for transforming XML content). What is CSS? CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, and fonts. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens, small screens, or printers. CSS is independent of HTML and can be used with any XML-based markup language. The separation of HTML from CSS makes it easier to maintain sites, share style sheets across pages, and tailor pages to different environments. This is referred to as the separation of structure (or: content) from presentation.

What is computer networking?

What is computer networking?

Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked devices use a system of rules, called communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies.

Let’s answer some common computer networking FAQs.

How does a computer network work?

Nodes and links are the basic building blocks in computer networking. A network node may be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub or, switch, or data terminal equipment (DTE) such as two or more computers and printers. A link refers to the transmission media connecting two nodes. Links may be physical, like cable wires or optical fibers, or free space used by wireless networks.

In a working computer network, nodes follow a set of rules or protocols that define how to send and receive electronic data via the links. The computer network architecture defines the design of these physical and logical components. It provides the specifications for the network’s physical components, functional organization, protocols, and procedures.

What do computer networks do?

Computer networks were first created in the late 1950s for use in the military and defense. They were initially used to transmit data over telephone lines and had limited commercial and scientific applications. With the advent of internet technologies, a computer network has become indispensable for enterprises.

Modern-day network solutions deliver more than connectivity. They are critical for the digital transformation and success of businesses today. Underlying network capabilities have become more programmable, automated, and secure.

Modern computer networks can:

Operate virtually

The underlying physical network infrastructure can be logically partitioned to create multiple "overlay" networks. In an overlay computer network, the nodes are virtually linked, and data can be transmitted between them through multiple physical paths. For example, many enterprise networks are overlaid on the internet.

Integrate on a large scale

Modern networking services connect physically distributed computer networks. These services can optimize network functions through automation and monitoring to create one large-scale, high-performance network. Network services can be scaled up or down based on demand.

Respond quickly to changing conditions

Many computer networks are software-defined. Traffic can be routed and controlled centrally using a digital interface. These computer networks support virtual traffic management.

Provide data security

All networking solutions come with in-built security features like encryption and access control. Third-party solutions like antivirus software, firewalls, and antimalware can be integrated to make the network more secure.

What are the types of computer network architecture?

Computer network design falls under two broad categories:

1. Client-server architecture

In this type of computer network, nodes may be servers or clients. Server nodes provide resources like memory, processing power, or data to client nodes. Server nodes may also manage client node behavior. Clients may communicate with each other, but they do not share resources. For example, some computer devices in enterprise networks store data and configuration settings. These devices are the servers in the network. Clients may access this data by making a request to the server machine.

2. Peer-to-peer architecture

In Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture, connected computers have equal powers and privileges. There is no central server for coordination. Each device in the computer network can act as either client or server. Each peer may share some of its resources, like memory and processing power, with the entire computer network. For example, some companies use P2P architecture to host memory-consuming applications, such as 3-D graphic rendering, across multiple digital devices.

What is network topology?

The arrangement of nodes and links is called network topology. They can be configured in different ways to get different outcomes. Some types of network topologies are:

Bus topology

Each node is linked to one other node only. Data transmission over the network connections occurs in one direction.

Ring topology

Each node is linked to two other nodes, forming a ring. Data can flow bi-directionally. However,single node failure can bring down the entire network.

Star topology

A central server node is linked to multiple client network devices. This topology performs better as data doesn’t have to go through each node. It is also more reliable.

Mesh topology

Every node is connected to many other nodes. In a full mesh topology, every node is connected to every other node in the network.

What are the types of enterprise computer networks?

Depending on the organization's size and requirements, there are three common types of enterprise private networks:

Local area network (LAN)

A LAN is an interconnected system limited in size and geography. It typically connects computers and devices within a single office or building. It is used by small companies or as a test network for small-scale prototyping.

Wide area networks (WAN)

An enterprise network spanning buildings, cities, and even countries, is called a wide area network (WAN). While local area networks are used to transmit data at higher speeds within close proximity, WANs are set up for long-distance communication that is secure and dependable.

SD-WAN or software-defined WAN is virtual WAN architecture controlled by software technologies. An SD-WAN offers more flexible and dependable connectivity services that can be controlled at the application level without sacrificing security and quality of service.

Service provider networks

Service provider networks allow customers to lease network capacity and functionality from the provider. Network service providers may consist of telecommunications companies, data carriers, wireless communications providers, Internet service providers, and cable television operators offering high-speed Internet access.

Cloud networks

Conceptually, a cloud network can be seen as a WAN with its infrastructure delivered by a cloud-based service. Some or all of an organization’s network capabilities and resources are hosted in a public or private cloud platform and made available on demand. These network resources can include virtual routers, firewalls, bandwidth, and network management software,with other tools and functions available as required.

Businesses today use cloud networks to accelerate time-to-market, increase scale, and manage costs effectively. The cloud network model has become the standard approach for building and delivering applications for modern enterprises.

What are AWS computer networking services?

AWS networking services are designed to provide enterprises with:

Network security

AWS infrastructure is monitored 24/7 to help ensure confidentiality and integrity and to meet the highest global network security standards.

Network availability

AWS has the global infrastructure required to deliver high availability anywhere in the world.

Network performance

AWS network services deliver high-speed performance with minimal lag time.

What is DDos Attack

DDoS Attack Meaning

DDoS Attack means "Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack" and it is a cybercrime in which the attacker floods a server with internet traffic to prevent users from accessing connected online services and sites.

Motivations for carrying out a DDoS vary widely, as do the types of individuals and organizations eager to perpetrate this form of cyberattack. Some attacks are carried out by disgruntled individuals and hacktivists wanting to take down a company's servers simply to make a statement, have fun by exploiting cyber weakness, or express disapproval.

Other distributed denial-of-service attacks are financially motivated, such as a competitor disrupting or shutting down another business's online operations to steal business away in the meantime. Others involve extortion, in which perpetrators attack a company and install hostageware or ransomware on their servers, then force them to pay a large financial sum for the damage to be reversed.

DDoS attacks are on the rise, and even some of the largest global companies are not immune to being "DDoS'ed". The largest attack in history occurred in February 2020 to none other than Amazon Web Services (AWS), overtaking an earlier attack on GitHub two years prior. DDoS ramifications include a drop in legitimate traffic, lost business, and reputation damage.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to proliferate, as do the number of remote employees working from home, and so will the number of devices connected to a network. The security of each IoT device may not necessarily keep up, leaving the network to which it is connected vulnerable to attack. As such, the importance of DDoS protection and mitigation is crucial.

How DDoS Attacks Work

A DDoS attack aims to overwhelm the devices, services, and network of its intended target with fake internet traffic, rendering them inaccessible to or useless for legitimate users.

DoS vs. DDoS

A distributed denial-of-service attack is a subcategory of the more general denial-of-service (DoS) attack. In a DoS attack, the attacker uses a single internet connection to barrage a target with fake requests or to try and exploit a cybersecurity vulnerability. DDoS is larger in scale. It utilizes thousands (even millions) of connected devices to fulfill its goal. The sheer volume of the devices used makes DDoS much harder to fight.

Botnets

Botnets are the primary way distributed denial-of-service-attacks are carried out. The attacker will hack into computers or other devices and install a malicious piece of code, or malware, called a bot. Together, the infected computers form a network called a botnet. The attacker then instructs the botnet to overwhelm the victim's servers and devices with more connection requests than they can handle.

What is DDOS Attack: Attack Symptoms and How to Identify

One of the biggest issues with identifying a DDoS attack is that the symptoms are not unusual. Many of the symptoms are similar to what technology users encounter every day, including slow upload or download performance speeds, the website becoming unavailable to view, a dropped internet connection, unusual media and content, or an excessive amount of spam. 

Further, a DDoS attack may last anywhere from a few hours to a few months, and the degree of attack can vary.

 

Types of DDoS Attacks

Different attacks target different parts of a network, and they are classified according to the network connection layers they target. A connection on the internet is comprised of seven different “layers," as defined by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model created by the International Organization for Standardization. The model allows different computer systems to be able to "talk" to each other.

 

Volume-Based or Volumetric Attacks

This type of attack aims to control all available bandwidth between the victim and the larger internet. Domain name system (DNS) amplification is an example of a volume-based attack. In this scenario, the attacker spoofs the target's address, then sends a DNS name lookup request to an open DNS server with the spoofed address.

When the DNS server sends the DNS record response, it is sent instead to the target, resulting in the target receiving an amplification of the attacker’s initially small query.

Protocol Attacks

Protocol attacks consume all available capacity of web servers or other resources, such as firewalls. They expose weaknesses in Layers 3 and 4 of the OSI protocol stack to render the target inaccessible. 

A SYN flood is an example of a protocol attack, in which the attacker sends the target an overwhelming number of transmission control protocol (TCP) handshake requests with spoofed source Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. The targeted servers attempt to respond to each connection request, but the final handshake never occurs, overwhelming the target in the process.

Application-Layer Attacks

These attacks also aim to exhaust or overwhelm the target's resources but are difficult to flag as malicious. Often referred to as a Layer 7 DDoS attack—referring to Layer 7 of the OSI model—an application-layer attack targets the layer where web pages are generated in response to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests. 

A server runs database queries to generate a web page. In this form of attack, the attacker forces the victim's server to handle more than it normally does. An HTTP flood is a type of application-layer attack and is similar to constantly refreshing a web browser on different computers all at once. In this manner, the excessive number of HTTP requests overwhelms the server, resulting in a DDoS.

7 Best Termux Phishing Tools 2023

7 Best Termux phishing tools 

This post summarizes the best Termux phishing tools and compares the top Termux Phishing tools to help you select the best Phishing tool for Termux.

What is Termux?

Termux is an open-source Terminal emulator that is created for running a Linux environment on Android devices. Termux combines powerful terminal emulation with a complete Linux package collection. Termux is used by ethical hackers and cybersecurity professionals for ethical hacking and penetration testing. You can use Termux to install and run several command-line scripts through its package manager. You don't need to root your Android device to use Termux. Additionally, Termux allows you to run Python and Bash scripts. You can also install packages with apt, pkg, pip, npm, gem, and other package managers.

What is Phishing?

Phishing is a kind of social engineering, the fraudulent method of sending emails or creating a fake website claiming to be from reputable companies to influence individuals to disclose confidential information, such as passwords and credit card numbers. A Phishing attack can have noxious results. For people, this includes unauthorized purchases, the heist of funds, or identity theft. There are several types of phishing attacks. Phishing attack includes Email phishing, Vishing, Smishing, Pharming, Spear phishing, and Whaling.

What is Termux Phishing tool?

Termux phishing tools are the Command line tools coded in a particular programming language that helps a novice and an expert attacker conduct a phishing attack. These tools contain several phishing methods that can be applied with a few clicks.

Best Termux Phishing tool in 2022

Here we are only selecting open-source Phishing tools for Termux. The following Termux Phishing tools are presented for ethical and educational purposes only. These tools should not be used without the authorization and written permission of the owner of the system. This article is about the best Termux phishing tools and how to keep yourself safe from these Termux Phishing tools.

1. Zphisher

Zphisher is an advanced open-source Termux phishing tool developed by Htr-tech. Programming languages used in developing this tool include Hack, HTML, CSS, PHP, Shell, and JavaScript. Zphisher tool is an upgraded form of ShellPhish. It has become quite popular nowadays. Through this tool, you can perform phishing attacks on the victim. Zphisher is easier to use than any other phishing tool for Termux. 

Zphisher helps you to create more than 30 phishing web pages without any knowledge of coding. It can create phishing pages such as Instagram, Facebook, Yahoo, Netflix, WordPress, Steam, Microsoft, Snapchat, and more.  It also has 3 tunneling options, through which you can perform phishing in a wide area network (WAN).

Features of Zphisher:

• It comes with more than 30 phishing templates.
• It also supports docker
• Zphisher has multiple tunneling option
• Custom template option for advanced users.

URL: https://github.com/htr-tech/zphisher

2. Nexphisher

Nexphisher is an automated open-source phishing tool for Termux. This Termux tool contains 37 phishing Pages that are taken from Zphisher. These phishing pages help an ethical hacker to get the credentials of a social media account.  If you ever used Zphisher and hidden eye, You might find this tool interesting. This tool is a combination of Hidden eye and Zphisher.

Nexphisher contains nearly every social media phishing website and has almost all the features of a phishing tool. Utilizing this tool is easy. You just need to select the website to generate the phishing link of that particular site.

Features of Nexphisher:

• Extremely simple and easy to use
• Extra tunneling options
• A free and open-source program
• Written in a shell script.

URL: https://github.com/htr-tech/nexphisher

3. Weeman tool

Weeman is one of the best phishing tools for Termux created in the Python programming language. It generates an HTTP server for phishing and helps you to create phishing pages for almost all big websites.

To use this tool, enter the link to the original website, and Weeman will clone that website for you. After that, host the cloned site by entering a specific port number. Then, you can use any tunneling option to make your site visible worldwide.

Features of the Weeman tool:

• It supports a wide range of websites
• Easy to operate
• Creates HTTP server for phishing
• Open-source project

URL: https://github.com/evait-security/weeman

4. AdvPhishing

AdvPhishing is a phishing tool for Termux that allows you to gain the social media account access of the victim even if two-factor authentication is enabled. ADVPhishing has almost every social media Phishing page like Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, and more. 

After starting AdvPhishing, the user must pick the target website from the given options. After choosing the website, the tool will automatically download the prerequisite requirements for the website and wait for the ’Ngrok’ tunnel to be activated. After that, a link will be generated. Send the generated link to the target. Once the target opens the link, the target will see a clone version of the website where the target will enter the personal information and OTP.

Features of AdvPhishing:

• Bypass two-factor authentication
• More than 15 webpages
• Best tunneling option
• Easy to install and use.

URL: https://github.com/Ignitetch/AdvPhishing

5. Seeker

Seeker uses CSS, HTML, JavaScript, Python, PHP, and a shell script to find out the exact location of the person. Seeker Hosts a phishing website on Apache Server and uses Ngrok, or Serveo to generate a link that asks for Location Permission. If the user allows it, we can get the accurate location of the person. The position includes longitude, latitude, accuracy, altitude, direction, and speed.

Along with Location Information, you can also get some Device Information without permission. The device information includes Operating System, Platform, Number of CPU Cores, Amount of RAM, Screen Resolution, GPU information, Browser Name, and Public IP Address.

Features of Seeker:

• Find the exact location of the person
• Compatible with Termux
• Get the device information
• No coding is required. Get started with a few easy clicks.

URL: https://github.com/thewhiteh4t/seeker

6. Hacklock

Shell, JavaScript, CSS, HTML, and PHP are used to create this tool. This tool is excellent for parents who want to unlock the pattern lock of their kids devices. This tool allows you to hack the pattern lock of any Android device by phishing method. All you have to do is send a generated link to the victim. As a victim, open the link you are good to go. Since this tool uses a phishing technique, we included this tool in the list of best Termux phishing tools.

To use this tool, you need to install this tool from GitHub. Run the tool and send the generated link to the target. As the victim uses the link, you will be able to get the keys of the victim pattern. This tool works on both rooted and non-rooted Android devices.

Features of Hacklock:

• Works on rooted and non-rooted devices
• Get the Android pattern keys of the victim with minimal effort
• Easy tunneling option
• It is a Beginner friendly tool.

URL: https://github.com/noob-hackers/hacklock

7. PhishMailer

If you are looking for Zphisher alternatives, PhishMailer would be an excellent choice. PhishMailer is one of the best open-source phishing tools for Termux that offers phishing templates for popular sites such as Netflix, Spotify, WordPress, Facebook, Instagram, and more. PhishMailer is written in Python programming language.

PhishMailer uses the phishing email technique to get the confidential information of the victim such as user id and password. You can also use a custom template if you want to. The email looks as legitimate as possible. This tool is beginner-friendly because using this tool is a lot easier than any other tool.

Features of PhishMailer:

• Send legitimate-looking emails
• Phishmailer is a free and open-source tool
• It has more than 30 templates
• Phishmailer is written in Python programming language.

URL: https://github.com/BiZken/PhishMailer

What is Zanti?

zANTI™ is a mobile penetration testing toolkit that lets security managers assess the risk level of a network with the push of a button. This easy to use mobile toolkit enables IT Security Administrators to simulate an advanced attacker to identify the malicious techniques they use in the wild to compromise the corporate network.

Uncover authentication, backdoor, and brute-force attacks, DNS and protocol-specific attacks and rogue access points using a comprehensive range of full customizable network reconnaissance scans.

Enable Security Officers to easily evaluate an organization’s network and automatically diagnose vulnerabilities within mobile devices or web sites using a host of penetration tests including, man-in-the-Middle (MITM), password cracking and metasploit.

Highlight security gaps in your existing network and mobile defenses and report the results with advanced cloud-based reporting through zConsole™. zANTI™ mirrors the methods a cyber-attacker can use to identify security holes within your network. Dash-board reporting enables businesses to see the risks and take appropriate corrective actions to fix critical security issues.

Who was Charles Babbage?

The calculating engines of English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871) are among the most celebrated icons in the prehistory of computing. Babbage’s Difference Engine No.1 was the first successful automatic calculator and remains one of the finest examples of precision engineering of the time. Babbage is sometimes referred to as "father of computing." The International Charles Babbage Society (later the Charles Babbage Institute) took his name to honor his intellectual contributions and their relation to modern computers.

Biography

Charles Babbage was born on December 26, 1791, the son of Benjamin Babbage, a London banker. As a youth Babbage was his own instructor in algebra, of which he was passionately fond, and was well read in the continental mathematics of his day. Upon entering Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, he found himself far in advance of his tutors in mathematics. Babbage co-founded the Analytical Society for promoting continental mathematics and reforming the mathematics of Newton then taught at the university.

In his twenties Babbage worked as a mathematician, principally in the calculus of functions. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 and played a prominent part in the foundation of the Astronomical Society (later Royal Astronomical Society) in 1820. It was about this time that Babbage first acquired the interest in calculating machinery that became his consuming passion for the remainder of his life.

In 1821 Babbage invented the Difference Engine to compile mathematical tables. On completing it in 1832, he conceived the idea of a better machine that could perform not just one mathematical task but any kind of calculation. This was the Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol manipulator, and had some of the characteristics of today’s computers.

Unfortunately, little remains of Babbage's prototype computing machines. Critical tolerances required by his machines exceeded the level of technology available at the time. And, though Babbage’s work was formally recognized by respected scientific institutions, the British government suspended funding for his Difference Engine in 1832, and after an agonizing waiting period, ended the project in 1842. There remain only fragments of Babbage's prototype Difference Engine, and though he devoted most of his time and large fortune towards construction of his Analytical Engine after 1856, he never succeeded in completing any of his several designs for it. George Scheutz, a Swedish printer, successfully constructed a machine based on the designs for Babbage's Difference Engine in 1854. This machine printed mathematical, astronomical and actuarial tables with unprecedented accuracy, and was used by the British and American governments. Though Babbage's work was continued by his son, Henry Prevost Babbage, after his death in 1871, the Analytical Engine was never successfully completed, and ran only a few "programs" with embarrassingly obvious errors.

Babbage occupied the Lucasian chair of mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839. He played an important role in the establishment of the Association for the Advancement of Science and the Statistical Society (later Royal Statistical Society). He also attempted to reform the scientific organizations of the period while calling upon government and society to give more money and prestige to scientific endeavor. Throughout his life Babbage worked in many intellectual fields typical of his day, and made contributions that would have assured his fame irrespective of the Difference and Analytical Engines.

Despite his many achievements, the failure to construct his calculating machines, and in particular the failure of the government to support his work, left Babbage in his declining years a disappointed and embittered man. He died at his home in London on October 18, 1871.

  

 

Ada Lovelace: "The Enchantress of Numbers."

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (1815 – 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.

 

 

Difference Engine No.2​​​

Babbage designed the Difference Engine No.2 to solve equations and print the results in the form of mathematical tables. It was one of two types of engine, difference engines and analytical engines, designed by Babbage. The engine was built by the Science Museum and the main part was completed in June 1991 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth. Babbage conceived the engine to calculate a series of numerical values and automatically print the results. Difference Engine No 2 was never constructed in his lifetime.